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Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) and fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) are conditions that can occur in a fetus when a woman drinks alcohol during pregnancy. These disorders are characterized by a range of physical, cognitive, and behavioral abnormalities that can have a significant impact on the child’s quality of life.
FAS and FASD can cause a variety of physical abnormalities, including:
In addition to these physical abnormalities, FAS and FASD can also cause cognitive and behavioral problems, including:
The diagnosis of FAS and FASD is typically made by a healthcare provider based on a combination of physical examination, medical history, and developmental assessments. There is no single test that can definitively diagnose these conditions, but certain signs and symptoms can help healthcare providers make an accurate diagnosis.
FAS and FASD are more common than many people realize. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), FAS is estimated to affect about 0.2 to 1.5 cases per 1,000 live births in the United States. FASD is estimated to affect up to 5 cases per 1,000 live births.
FAS and FASD occur when a woman drinks alcohol during pregnancy. Alcohol can harm the developing fetus by:
FAS and FASD can cause a range of psychological and psychiatric problems, including:
The best way to prevent FAS and FASD is for women to avoid drinking alcohol during pregnancy. If you are pregnant or planning to become pregnant, it is important to talk to your healthcare provider about any alcohol use and to seek help if you need it.
While there is no cure for FAS and FASD, early intervention and treatment can help improve outcomes for affected children. This may include:
FAS and FASD can have significant social consequences for affected individuals and their families. These may include:
This comprehensive guide provides detailed information on the clinical presentation, diagnosis, epidemiology, and pathogenesis of FAS and FASD, as well as considerations of underlying psychopathology, prevention, and therapy. It also discusses the social consequences and impacts to patients, providing a valuable resource for healthcare providers, researchers, and families affected by these conditions.
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